mostafadarsh
22 - 02 - 09, 08:45 PM
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
الحمدلله والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين
Atomic energy
Energy generally is a scalar (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_%28physics%29) physical quantity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_quantity), an attribute of objects and systems that is conserved in nature. In physics textbooks (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbook) energy is often defined as the ability to do work (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_%28thermodynamics%29) or to generate heat (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat).
Several different forms of energy exist to explain all known natural phenomena. These forms include (but are not limited to) kinetic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy), potential (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy), thermal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy), gravitational (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_energy), sound (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_energy), light (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light), elastic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_energy), and electromagnetic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation) energy.
While one form of energy may be transformed (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_transformation) to another, the total energy remains the same. This principle, the conservation of energy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy), was first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_system). According to Noether's theorem (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem), the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time.
Although the total energy of a system does not change with time, its value may depend on the frame of reference (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_of_reference). For example, a seated passenger in a moving airplane has zero kinetic energy relative to the airplane, but non-zero kinetic energy relative to the earth.
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Nuclear energy is released by the splitting (fission) or merging together (fusion) of the nuclei (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus) of atom (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom)(s). The conversion of nuclear mass (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass) to energy is consistent with the mass-energy equivalence (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-energy_equivalence) formula ΔE = Δm.c², in which ΔE = energy release, Δm = mass defect (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_defect), and c = the speed of light (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light) in a vacuum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum) (a physical constant (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_constant)). Nuclear energy was first discovered by French (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) physicist Henri Becquerel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Becquerel) in 1896, when he found that photographic plates stored in the dark near uranium (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium) were blackened like X-ray (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray)[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_energy#cite_note-0) plates, which had been just recently discovered at the time 1895.
Nuclear chemistry (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry) can be used as a form of alchemy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy) to turn lead (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead) into gold (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold) or change any atom to any other atom (albeit through many steps).[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_energy#cite_note-1) Radionuclide (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide) (radioisotope) production often involves irradiation of another isotope (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope) (or more precisely a nuclide (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclide)), with alpha particles (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle), beta particles (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_particle), or gamma rays (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray). Iron (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron) has the highest binding energy per nucleon (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon) of any atom. If an atom of lower average binding energy is changed into an atom of higher average binding energy, energy is given off. The chart shows that fusion of hydrogen (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen), the combination to form heavier atoms, releases energy, as does fission of uranium, the breaking up of a larger nucleus into smaller parts. Stability varies between isotopes: the isotope U-235 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235) is much less stable than the more common U-238 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg/500px-Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg)
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وإليكم بحث عن الطاقة الذرية...
وهو موجود في الأسفل ( داخل إطار الملفات المرفقة ) أرجو التحميل ...
وبالتوفيق والنجاح
الحمدلله والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين
Atomic energy
Energy generally is a scalar (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_%28physics%29) physical quantity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_quantity), an attribute of objects and systems that is conserved in nature. In physics textbooks (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbook) energy is often defined as the ability to do work (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_%28thermodynamics%29) or to generate heat (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat).
Several different forms of energy exist to explain all known natural phenomena. These forms include (but are not limited to) kinetic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy), potential (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy), thermal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy), gravitational (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_energy), sound (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_energy), light (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light), elastic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_energy), and electromagnetic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation) energy.
While one form of energy may be transformed (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_transformation) to another, the total energy remains the same. This principle, the conservation of energy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy), was first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_system). According to Noether's theorem (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem), the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time.
Although the total energy of a system does not change with time, its value may depend on the frame of reference (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_of_reference). For example, a seated passenger in a moving airplane has zero kinetic energy relative to the airplane, but non-zero kinetic energy relative to the earth.
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Nuclear energy is released by the splitting (fission) or merging together (fusion) of the nuclei (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus) of atom (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom)(s). The conversion of nuclear mass (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass) to energy is consistent with the mass-energy equivalence (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-energy_equivalence) formula ΔE = Δm.c², in which ΔE = energy release, Δm = mass defect (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_defect), and c = the speed of light (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light) in a vacuum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum) (a physical constant (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_constant)). Nuclear energy was first discovered by French (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) physicist Henri Becquerel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Becquerel) in 1896, when he found that photographic plates stored in the dark near uranium (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium) were blackened like X-ray (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray)[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_energy#cite_note-0) plates, which had been just recently discovered at the time 1895.
Nuclear chemistry (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry) can be used as a form of alchemy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy) to turn lead (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead) into gold (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold) or change any atom to any other atom (albeit through many steps).[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_energy#cite_note-1) Radionuclide (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide) (radioisotope) production often involves irradiation of another isotope (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope) (or more precisely a nuclide (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclide)), with alpha particles (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle), beta particles (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_particle), or gamma rays (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray). Iron (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron) has the highest binding energy per nucleon (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon) of any atom. If an atom of lower average binding energy is changed into an atom of higher average binding energy, energy is given off. The chart shows that fusion of hydrogen (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen), the combination to form heavier atoms, releases energy, as does fission of uranium, the breaking up of a larger nucleus into smaller parts. Stability varies between isotopes: the isotope U-235 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235) is much less stable than the more common U-238 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg/500px-Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg)
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وإليكم بحث عن الطاقة الذرية...
وهو موجود في الأسفل ( داخل إطار الملفات المرفقة ) أرجو التحميل ...
وبالتوفيق والنجاح